Altitudinal differentiation in growth and phenology among populations of temperate-zone tree species growing in a common garden

نویسندگان

  • Yann Vitasse
  • Sylvain Delzon
  • Caroline C. Bresson
  • Richard Michalet
  • Antoine Kremer
چکیده

The aim of the study was to determine whether there are genetic variations in growth and leaf phenology (flushing and senescence) among populations of six woody species (Abies alba Mill., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Fagus sylvatica L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Ilex aquifolium L., and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) along altitudinal gradients, using a common-garden experiment. We found (i) significant differences in phenology and growth among provenances for most species and (ii) evidence that these among-population differences in phenology were related to the annual temperature at the provenance sites for ash, beech, and oak. It is noteworthy that along the same climatic gradient, species can exhibit opposing genetic clines: beech populations from high elevations flushed earlier than those from low elevations, whereas we observed the opposite trend for ash and oak. For most species, significant altitudinal clines for growth were also revealed. Finally, we highlighted the fact that both phenology timing and growth rate were highly consistent from year to year. The results demonstrated that despite the proximity of the populations in their natural area, differences in altitude led to genetic differentiation in their phenology and growth. These adaptive capacities acting along a natural climatic gradient could allow populations to cope with current climate change. Résumé : L’objectif de cette étude était de déterminer à l’aide d’un test de provenances, s’il existe des variations génétiques de la croissance et de la phénologie foliaire (feuillaison et sénescence) entre des populations issues de gradients altitudinaux, chez six espèces ligneuses (Abies alba Mill., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Fagus sylvatica L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Ilex aquifolium L. et Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). Pour la plupart de ces espèces, des différences significatives ont été observées entre les provenances pour la phénologie et la croissance. Ces différences phénologiques sont corrélées avec la température annuelle des sites de provenances chez le frêne, le hêtre et le chêne. Il est important de noter que les espèces présentent des clines opposés alors que les populations étudiées proviennent d’un même gradient climatique : les populations de hêtre provenant de hautes altitudes présentaient une feuillaison plus précoce que celles issues de basses altitudes, alors que le frêne et de chêne montraient des clines opposés. Des clines altitudinaux significatifs ont également été trouvés pour la croissance de la plupart des espèces. Nous avons également mis en évidence que la phénologie et le taux de croissance étaient stables d’une année sur l’autre. Les résultats de notre étude montrent que le gradient altitudinal a induit une différenciation génétique de ces populations pour leur croissance et leur phénologie, malgré la proximité des populations étudiées dans leur milieu naturel. Ces mécanismes adaptatifs, qui ont eu lieu le long d’un gradient climatique naturel, pourraient permettre aux populations de faire face au changement climatique actuel. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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تاریخ انتشار 2009